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In an online shopping cart system, a CartService class manages the cart. It depends on a DiscountService to calculate discounts on items. However, some methods in CartService, like calculating the total cost without discounts, do not require the DiscountService.
DiscountService:An interface for calculating discounts.
public interface DiscountService {
double applyDiscount(double totalCost);
}
CartService:This class manages the shopping cart and uses the DiscountService to apply discounts. However, some methods, such as calculating the total cost of items without discounts, do not require DiscountService.
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class CartService {
private DiscountService discountService;
private Map<String, Double> cartItems; // Stores item names and their prices
public CartService(DiscountService discountService) {
this.discountService = discountService;
this.cartItems = new HashMap<>();
}
// Add an item to the cart
public void addItem(String itemName, double price) {
cartItems.put(itemName, price);
}
// Calculate the total cost of items without discounts
public double calculateTotalCost() {
return cartItems.values().stream().mapToDouble(Double::doubleValue).sum();
}
}
The dummy DiscountService is created just to satisfy the dependency in the CartService constructor.
// Dummy implementation of DiscountService
public class DummyDiscountService implements DiscountService {
@Override
public double applyDiscount(double totalCost) {
// No implementation needed for this dummy
return totalCost;
}
}
We will test the calculateTotalCost method, which does not depend on the DiscountService.
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
public class CartServiceTest {
@Test
public void testCalculateTotalCost() {
// Create a dummy discount service
DiscountService dummyDiscountService = new DummyDiscountService();
// Create the CartService instance with the dummy discount service
CartService cartService = new CartService(dummyDiscountService);
// Add items to the cart
cartService.addItem("Item1", 10.0);
cartService.addItem("Item2", 20.0);
cartService.addItem("Item3", 30.0);
// Calculate total cost without any discounts
double totalCost = cartService.calculateTotalCost();
assertEquals(60.0, totalCost, 0.01); // Verify the total cost
}
}
DummyDiscountService is used solely to satisfy the dependency required by the CartService constructor.calculateTotalCost method, which does not depend on DiscountService.DiscountService.DummyDiscountService is not used during the test and provides no behavior.CartService.This example demonstrates how dummy objects can be used in an e-commerce shopping cart system!
In a restaurant reservation system, a ReservationService class manages reservations. It depends on a NotificationService to send confirmation messages to customers. However, some methods in ReservationService, such as checking table availability, do not require the NotificationService.
NotificationService:An interface for sending notifications to customers.
public interface NotificationService {
void sendNotification(String customerName, String message);
}
ReservationService:This class manages reservations and sends notifications for confirmations. However, some methods, like checking table availability, do not depend on NotificationService.
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class ReservationService {
private NotificationService notificationService;
private Map<Integer, Boolean> tableAvailability; // Maps table numbers to availability status
public ReservationService(NotificationService notificationService) {
this.notificationService = notificationService;
this.tableAvailability = new HashMap<>();
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { // Assume 10 tables
tableAvailability.put(i, true); // All tables are initially available
}
}
// Check if a table is available
public boolean isTableAvailable(int tableNumber) {
return tableAvailability.getOrDefault(tableNumber, false);
}
// Reserve a table (not tested in this example)
public void reserveTable(int tableNumber, String customerName) {
if (isTableAvailable(tableNumber)) {
tableAvailability.put(tableNumber, false); // Mark table as reserved
notificationService.sendNotification(customerName, "Your table " + tableNumber + " has been reserved.");
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Table " + tableNumber + " is not available.");
}
}
}
The dummy NotificationService is created solely to satisfy the dependency in the ReservationService constructor.
// Dummy implementation of NotificationService
public class DummyNotificationService implements NotificationService {
@Override
public void sendNotification(String customerName, String message) {
// No implementation needed for this dummy
}
}
We will test the isTableAvailable method, which does not depend on the NotificationService.
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
public class ReservationServiceTest {
@Test
public void testIsTableAvailable() {
// Create a dummy notification service
NotificationService dummyNotificationService = new DummyNotificationService();
// Create the ReservationService instance with the dummy notification service
ReservationService reservationService = new ReservationService(dummyNotificationService);
// Check availability of some tables
assertTrue(reservationService.isTableAvailable(1)); // Table 1 is available
assertTrue(reservationService.isTableAvailable(10)); // Table 10 is available
assertFalse(reservationService.isTableAvailable(11)); // Table 11 does not exist
}
}
DummyNotificationService is used only to fulfill the dependency required by the ReservationService constructor.isTableAvailable method, which does not involve the NotificationService.NotificationService, making the test simpler and focused.DummyNotificationService does not provide any behavior and is not invoked during the test.ReservationService.This example demonstrates a dummy object in a restaurant reservation system context, a scenario commonly seen in real-world applications!
In a file processing system, a FileProcessor class reads and processes files. It depends on a Logger to log errors and informational messages. However, some methods, like counting the lines in a file, do not require the Logger.
Logger:An interface for logging messages.
public interface Logger {
void logInfo(String message);
void logError(String message);
}
FileProcessor:This class processes files and uses the Logger for logging. However, some methods, such as counting the lines in a file, do not depend on the Logger.
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
public class FileProcessor {
private Logger logger;
public FileProcessor(Logger logger) {
this.logger = logger;
}
// Count the number of lines in a file
public int countLines(String filePath) throws IOException {
int lineCount = 0;
try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filePath))) {
while (reader.readLine() != null) {
lineCount++;
}
}
return lineCount;
}
// Process a file (not tested in this example)
public void processFile(String filePath) {
try {
logger.logInfo("Starting file processing: " + filePath);
// Simulate file processing logic here
logger.logInfo("File processed successfully: " + filePath);
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.logError("Error processing file: " + filePath);
}
}
}
The dummy Logger is created solely to satisfy the dependency in the FileProcessor constructor.
// Dummy implementation of Logger
public class DummyLogger implements Logger {
@Override
public void logInfo(String message) {
// No implementation needed for this dummy
}
@Override
public void logError(String message) {
// No implementation needed for this dummy
}
}
We will test the countLines method, which does not depend on the Logger.
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
public class FileProcessorTest {
@Test
public void testCountLines() throws IOException {
// Create a temporary file
Path tempFile = Files.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
try (FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(tempFile.toFile())) {
writer.write("Line 1\n");
writer.write("Line 2\n");
writer.write("Line 3\n");
}
// Create a dummy logger
Logger dummyLogger = new DummyLogger();
// Create the FileProcessor instance with the dummy logger
FileProcessor fileProcessor = new FileProcessor(dummyLogger);
// Test the countLines method
int lineCount = fileProcessor.countLines(tempFile.toString());
assertEquals(3, lineCount);
// Clean up the temporary file
Files.delete(tempFile);
}
}
DummyLogger is used solely to satisfy the dependency required by the FileProcessor constructor.countLines method being tested.countLines method, which performs file operations but does not depend on logging.Logger, making the test focused and concise.DummyLogger is not called during the test and provides no behavior.FileProcessor.This example illustrates how dummy objects can be applied in a file processing system!
In a payment processing system, a PaymentProcessor class handles payment transactions. It depends on an AuditService to log audit trails for every transaction. However, some methods, like calculating total transaction amount, do not require the AuditService.
AuditService:An interface for auditing payment transactions.
public interface AuditService {
void logTransaction(String transactionId, String message);
}
PaymentProcessor:This class processes payments and uses the AuditService for transaction auditing. Some methods, like calculating the total transaction amount, do not depend on AuditService.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class PaymentProcessor {
private AuditService auditService;
private List<Transaction> transactions;
public PaymentProcessor(AuditService auditService) {
this.auditService = auditService;
this.transactions = new ArrayList<>();
}
// Represents a payment transaction
public static class Transaction {
private String transactionId;
private double amount;
public Transaction(String transactionId, double amount) {
this.transactionId = transactionId;
this.amount = amount;
}
public String getTransactionId() {
return transactionId;
}
public double getAmount() {
return amount;
}
}
// Add a transaction
public void addTransaction(Transaction transaction) {
transactions.add(transaction);
}
// Calculate the total amount of all transactions
public double calculateTotalAmount() {
return transactions.stream().mapToDouble(Transaction::getAmount).sum();
}
// Process a transaction (not tested in this example)
public void processTransaction(Transaction transaction) {
auditService.logTransaction(transaction.getTransactionId(), "Transaction processed: $" + transaction.getAmount());
}
}
The dummy AuditService is created solely to satisfy the dependency in the PaymentProcessor constructor.
// Dummy implementation of AuditService
public class DummyAuditService implements AuditService {
@Override
public void logTransaction(String transactionId, String message) {
// No implementation needed for this dummy
}
}
We will test the calculateTotalAmount method, which does not depend on the AuditService.
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
public class PaymentProcessorTest {
@Test
public void testCalculateTotalAmount() {
// Create a dummy audit service
AuditService dummyAuditService = new DummyAuditService();
// Create the PaymentProcessor instance with the dummy audit service
PaymentProcessor paymentProcessor = new PaymentProcessor(dummyAuditService);
// Add transactions
paymentProcessor.addTransaction(new PaymentProcessor.Transaction("T001", 100.0));
paymentProcessor.addTransaction(new PaymentProcessor.Transaction("T002", 200.0));
paymentProcessor.addTransaction(new PaymentProcessor.Transaction("T003", 300.0));
// Calculate the total amount
double totalAmount = paymentProcessor.calculateTotalAmount();
// Verify the total amount
assertEquals(600.0, totalAmount, 0.01);
}
}
DummyAuditService is used solely to satisfy the dependency required by the PaymentProcessor constructor.calculateTotalAmount method, which does not require any interaction with the AuditService.DummyAuditService is not used during the test and provides no behavior.PaymentProcessor.This example demonstrates the use of a dummy object in a payment processing system while testing methods that don’t rely on external dependencies.
By MOUSTAFA ALSAYEH© 2025 My Company